urai (p. 65) s. Utterance, speaking, speech, பேச்சு. 2. A word, an expression, a sentence, a declaration, a saying, மொழி. 3. Explanation, interpretation, commentary, exposition, gloss, verbal renderings, &c., வியாக்கியானம். 4. Gold, பொன். 5. [in native lexicons.] The words for which synonymes of meanings are given, also the generic term of which the species are given, சொற்பயன். 6. Sound, ஒலி. 7. Eminence, உயர்ச்சி. 8. The written word, sacred writings, holy writ, as one of the three means of attaining knowledge, வேத மொழி; several kinds of உரை, or modes of explanation are given by Tamil Grammarians. The author of காரிகை has given four, viz.: 1. கருத்துரை, the main sentiment or scope of the text explained, also called தாற்பரியவுரை. 2. பதவுரை, verbal explanation, or interpretation, word by word, or clause by clause, also called கண்ணழிவுரை. 3. பொழிப்புரை, the substance of the text omitting rhetorical ornament, and adjuncts, or a free rendering of the text without interruption, also called பொழிப்புத் திரட்டுரை and பிண்டவுரை. --Note. The latter is the same as பதவுரை would be without the words of the text interspersed. 4. விரித்துரை, explanation at large, comment or exposition with proofs, illustrations, &c., also called அலகவுரை and விரியுரை; any of the preceding three, or any other kind of explanation may be included in this last. According to நன்னூல், உரை is divided into tow general classes, viz.: காண்டிகையுரை and விருத்தியுரை. 1. காண்டிகையுரை, brief exposition, or explanation of the text embracing five sub-divisions. (a) கருத்துரை, the scope of the text. (b) பதப்பொருள், verbal rendering being either as பதவுரை or as the scope and definition of பொழிப்புரை, given above, (c) உதாரணம், example for illustration. (d) வினா, anticipating objections, (lit.) proposing questions. (e) விடை, answering such objections or questions as may possibly occur. 2. விருத்தியுரை, copious or complete explanation embracing fourteen sub-divisions. 1. பாடம், giving the text or verse to be explained with different readings and choice exposition. 2. கருத்துரை, the general scope, or import of the text, as in காண்டிகை. 3. சொல்வகை, giving the parts of speech, or showing the grammatical connection when necessary to clear away obscurities. 4. சொ ற்பொருள், giving equivalent, literal words, or clauses as பதப்பொருள், in காண்டிகை, verbal renderings, &c. 5. தொகுத்துரை, a free rendering of the text as பொழிப்புரை, above. 6. உதாரணம், illustration by examples, as above. 7. வினா, anticipating objections, or raising questions as before. 8. விடை, answering such objections or giving reasons in support of the statements in the text. 9. விசேடம், special explanation, particular remarks. 1. விரிவு, supplying ellipses as of cases or otherwise. 11. அதிகாரம், determining the meaning of doubtful terms by reference to the subjects under discussion, as belonging to such a head, &c., or according to another exposition pointing out the beginning and ending of the discussion of the different subjects respectively, the opinions of different commentators. 12. துணிவு, deciding the meaning of terms concerning which there may be diversity of opinion. 13. பயன், inference, applications or recapitulation to show what is to be learnt by the text. 14. ஆசிரியவசனம், quotations, or textuary proofs from other authors. (p.) உரைகட்ட, inf. To comment on a work. உரைகாரன், s. A commentator, expositor, உரையாசிரியன். உரைக்கோள், s. The construction given by the commentator to the text, உரைகாரன்கருத்து. உரைசெய்ய, inf. To speak, declare, பேச. To make a commentary, வியாக்கியானம்பண்ண. உரைநூல், s. A work on which a commentary has been written, உரைபெற் றநூல். உரைபாடம்--உரையேடு, s. A work with its commentary. உரையாசிரியன், s. [used honorifically] A commentator, உரைகாரன். உரையாட, inf. To say, speak, tell, சொல்ல. 2. To converse, dispute, பேச. (p.) என்றுரையாடி நெடுங்கடல்வண்ணனெழுந்தருள. Having said thus, Vishnu who wears the color of the broad sea condescended to start--(பார.) உரையாயிருக்க, inf. To be in prose. உரையிலக்கணம், s. Rules for making commentaries. There are five according to சதுரகராதி, viz.: 1. பதம். 2. பதப்பொருள். 3. வாக்கியம். 4. வினா. 5. விடை. உரையிற்கோடல், v. noun. Additions to a text by a commentator--one of the உத்தி. உரையெழுத, inf. To write a commentary. உரைவன்மை, s. Eloquence, oratorical power, சாதுரியப்பேச்சு. 2. Forcible language that cannot be controverted, சொற்றிட்பம். உரைவாசகம், s. Prose composition, discourse, language. பாட்டுமுரையும், s. A poem with commentary. திருவள்ளுவருரை, s. The explanation of Tiruvalluvar's book. 58)

etir (p. 73) s. That which is opposite, in front, before, in presence of, over against, முன். 2. That which is opposed, is adverse, hostile, முரண். 3. Similitude, comparison, ஒப்பு. 4. Futurity, வருங்காலம். 5. Rivalry, competition, எதிரிடை. எதிரதுபோற்றல், v. noun. An author's adopting what is authorized by good usage though modern. See உத்தி. எதிரறை, s. An opposite room. எதிராக--எதிரே, adv. Before, opposite to, in front, &c. எனக்கெதிரே. Before me. சத்துருவிற்கெதிராகப்போதல். Encountering or meeting an enemy. எதிராளி--எதிரி, s. Opponent, adversary, antagonist, பகைஞன். 2. The defendant in a lawsuit, எதிர்வழக்காளி. 3. A rival, a competitor, எதிரிடைக்காரன். எதிரிட, s. To meet, எதிர்ப்பட. 2. To oppose in battle, எதிர்க்க. எதிரிடை, v. noun. Opposition, encounter, counteraction, எதிர்க்கை. 2. Contrariety, விரோதம். 3. Rivalry, competition, எதிரித்தனம். 4. That which is equivalent, சமமாயிருப்பது. எதிரிடைகட்ட, inf. To rival, to vie with, compete with, எதிர்க்க. 2. [prov.] To act in opposition, விரோதிக்க. எதிரிடைகாரன், s. Competitor, rival, antagonist, விரோதஞ்செய்வோன். எதிரிடைச்சீட்டு--எதிரிடைமுறி, s. A counter bond. எதிரிடையாய்ப்பேச, inf. To dispute or contradict. எதிருத்தரம்--எதிர்மொழி, s. An answer, a reply, a rejoinder, a retort, பிரதியுத்தரம். எதிருரை, s. Answer, retort, எதிர் மொழி. 2. Cavil, dispute, வாது. எதிருரைக்க, inf. To oppose, to disobey, to be contumacious, எதிர்த்துப் பேச. 2. To answer, retort, மறுமொழிசொ ல்ல. 3. To cavil, dispute, to be petulant, morose, cross, வாதுசெய்ய. எதிரூன்ற, inf. To take a firm position--as an army, உறுதியாய்நிற்க. 2. To resist, oppose, withstand, எதிர்த்துநிற்க. எதிரெடுக்க, inf. To vomit, eject from the stomach, சத்திசெய்ய. எதிரேற்றல், v. noun. Counteracting a magical evil, எதிரேவல். 2. Counteracting evil in general, தடுத்தல். 3. Attacking, opposing or resisting--as an enemy, எதிர்த்தல். 4. Receiving in one's own person the weapons discharged by a foe out of bravery, or to save a friend, பிறன்மேல்வருவதைத்தானேற்றல். எதிரேற்று, v. noun. Counter magic, magic resorted to in retaliation, sorcery, &c., எதிரேவல். எதிரொலி, s. Echo, reverberation of sound. பிரதித்தொனி. எதிரொலித்தல், v. noun. Echoing, resounding. எதிர்கொள்ள--எதிர்கொண்டழைக் க, inf. To meet and receive a guest, a great person, a wedding party, &c., coming to one's house, சந்திக்க. எதிர்கோள், v. noun. Meeting in the way, meeting or receiving a person, எதிர்கொள்ளுகை. விருந்தெதிர்கோடல், v. noun. Inviting guests, or devotees, religious mendicants, &c.--one of the duties enjoined on a householder as the condition of his own participation of the good things of providence. See இல், house. (சிலப்பதிகாரம்.) எதிர்க்கடை, s. An opposition bazaar. கீரைக்கடைக்குமெதிர்க்கடைவேண்டும். An opposition stall is necessary even among green grocers. [prov.] எதிர்க்கட்சி, s. An opposite party, எதிரானகூட்டம். எதிர்க்காற்று, s. Contrary wind. எதிர்க்கை, s. A slanting timber forming a continued line with the ridge and uniting in an angle formed by the slanting hip-rafters on either end of a hipped or bungalo roof. எதிர்ச்சாட்சி, s. Counter testimony; a witness brought to disprove previous testimony, மாறானசாட்சி. எதிர்ச்செட்டு, s. Competition in trade, ஒருவன்விற்பதற்குமாறாகவிற்கை. 2. [prov.] Trading at second hand, buying and selling again directly at a small profit. எதிர்நடை, s. The act of doing perversely. 2. Opposite course. எதிர்நடைக்கணக்கு, s. A register or account kept by each partner in a concern, that one may be examined by the other. எதிர்நிரைநிறை--எதிர்நிரனிறை, s. An arrangement of a series of verbs, &c. in the contrary order to that in which their nouns occur. See முறை நிரனிறை. எதிர்நிலை, s. Resistance, opposition, எதிர்நிற்கை. எதிர்நிலையகத்திணை, s. [in amatory verse.] The rule for elucidating a circumstance by the opposite case, contrast. எதிர்நிற்க, inf. To stand before one, முன்னிற்க. 2. To oppose, to be perverse, or contumacious, மாறுபட்டுநிற்க. 3. To stand against, withstand, cope with, போர்செய்ய. எதிர்நோக்குநட்சத்திரம், s. A nutchattra whose influence has respect to movements and interests in the different points of the compass, not an astrological, but a common phrase; the same as எதிர்நாள், or more properly, பக்கநாள். எதிர்பார்க்க, inf. To wait for an expected person, வரவுபார்த்திருக்க. 2. To expect, to look forward, காத்திருக்க. இருகாரியத்திற்கெதிர்பார்த்துக்கொண்டிருக்கிறது. To hope for a thing, to be in expectation of it. எதிர்போக, inf. To go against, oppose, meet as an army, assail, எதிராய் போக. எதிர்ப்பட, inf. To meet as in the way, சந்திக்க. 2. To happen, occur, தோன்ற. எதிர்ப்படுத்த, inf. To confront, எதிராக்க. 2. To stir up strife, cause opposition, பகையாக்க. எதிர்ப்பாடு, v. noun. Meeting, எதிர் ப்படுகை. எதிர்ப்பாய்ச்சல், s. A contrary current; leaping in a contrary direction. எதிர்மறை, s. [in grammar.] The negative forms of expression, மறை--அ, அந், ந், கி, கு, வி, &c. are Sanscrit prefixes expressing negation. எதிர்மறைவினை, s. [in grammar.] The negative verb, மறைவினை. எதிர்முகம், s. Face to face, முகா முகம். 2. Presence, சன்னிதி. 3. Front, முன். அதற்கெதிர்மகமாக. Opposite to it. எதிர்வர, inf. To come against, to oppose, விரோதமாகவர. 2. To meet as one on leaving home meets a person (considered ominous), எதிராகவர. எதிர்வழக்கு, inf. A counter lawsuit, instituted out of revenge, எதிர்வியாச் சியம். எதிர்வாதம், s. reply, a dispute. எதிர்வாதி, s. Defendant in law, repliant, respondent, பிரதிவாதி. எதிர்வினை, s. [not com.] Negative verbs, மறைவினை. 2. Effects of the deeds of former births to be experienced, வருவினை. எதிர்வினைவிலக்கு, v. noun. [in rhetoric.] Preventing a person doing a thing by pointing out its evil consequences, ஓரலங்காரம். 46)

karam (p. 96) s. The hand, the arm, கை. 2. An elephant's trunk, துதிக்கை. 3. Poison, நஞ்சு. Wils. p. 283. KARA. 4. Import, toll, poll-tax, &c., குடியிறை. 5. A ray of light, கிரணம். Wils. p. 191. KARA. 6. An ass, கழுதை. Wils. p. 271. KHARA. 7. An expletive used with the short letters of the alphabet, எழுத்தின்சாரியை. 8. A causative particle affixed to some nouns of Sanscrit origin--as பயங்கரம். 9. A cubit, முழம். 1. [prov.] A heap or pile of olas pressed down, ஓலைக்கொத்தின்றிரள் (p.) கரகவசம், s. A gauntlet. கரசரணாதிகள், s. Hands, feet, and the other limbs. கரசாகை, s. A finger, கைவிரல்; [ex சாகா, branch.] Wils. p. 193. KARASHAKHA. கரசீகரம், s. Water spouted from an elephant's trunk, துதிக்கையுமிழ்நீர்; [ex சீகரம், drizzling rain.] Wils. p. 193. KARASHEEKARA. கரதலம், s. The hands, the palm of the hand. Wils. p. 192. KARATALA. கரநியாசம், s. Mental assignment of the hand, &c., to a tutelary divinity, as practised by the workshippers of Siva and Vishnu, by touching the joints of the fingers, with the thumb while repeating incantations in the daily worship. கரபரிசம், s. Touch of the hand, கையினாற்றொடுகை. கரபாத்திரம், s. Receiving food in charity in the hollow of the hands joined together which are used instead of a vessel, as practised by some ascetics, கையாகியபாத்திரம். Wils. p. 192. KARAPATRA.. கரபாத்திரமெடுக்க, inf. To beg alms receiving them with joined hands. கரப்பொறி, s. A kind of trap used to catch monkeys, &c., ஓர்பொறி. கரமுகன், s. Ganesa, விநாயகன். கரலட்சணம், s. The mode of using the hands in dancing which are of twenty-three kinds, viz.: 1. பதாகை, stretching all the five fingers keeping them close and straight. 2. திரிபதாகை, bending the thumb and ring-finger and stretching the rest. 3. பிறை, keeping the other four fingers close together separately from the thumb. 4. சர்ப்பசிரம், keeping the palm of the hand curved. 5. சாளையம், bending the little finger and ring-finger and stretching the rest. 6. மான்றலை, keeping the middle three fing ers down and lifting the other two up. 7. பதுமகோசரம், keeping up the palm of the hand opened having the fingers bent. 8. சிலீமுகம், keeping the tip of the forefinger at the bottom of the thumb and the tips of each of the rest at the middle of the adjoining finger. 9. முட்டி, folding all the four fingers and keeping the thumb above the middle finger. 1. சிக ரம், folding all the other fingers and keeping the thumb stretched. 11. சூசி, stretching the pointing finger and keeping the thumb curved while the others are folded. 12. கபித்தம், keeping the tips of the thumb and fore-finger close together and the other folded. 13. கடகம், keeping the tips of the thumb and forefinger together, the middle finger bent and the rest stretched. 14. சந்தங்கிஷம், keeping the tips of the thumb and pointing finger together, stretching the rest. 15. அஞ்சவாய், keeping the ringfinger and little finger separately stretched up and keeping the tips of the rest together. 16. முகிழ், keeping the tips of all the fingers together. 17. திரிலிங்கம், keeping the tips of the thumb and pointing finger together, the rest curved and the wrist a little bent. 18. மிருகசிரம், stretching up the pointing finger and the little finger and keeping the rest close together. 19. சிங்கநகம், keeping up the palm of the hand having the fingers almost folded. 2. கூர்மம், stretching up the middle finger while the others are bent down. 21. பூரணம், stretching all the five fingers straight not being close together. 22. மென்னிலை, bending the thumb and stretching up the rest. 23. முன்னதம், separating the fore-finger from the rest. கரவாளம், s. A sword, கைவாள். கராசலம், s. An elephant--as having a mountain (its body) connected with its trunk, யானை. கராசனம், s. A tiger, as resting on its paws, புலி. 83)

kāṭṭu (p. 103) கிறேன், காட்டினேன், வேன், காட்ட, v. a. To show, exhibit, display, adduce, manifest, reveal, evince, disclose, set forth, காண்பிக்க, 2. To designate, suggest, சுட்டிக்காட்ட. 3. To describe, define, தெரிவிக்க. 4. To demonstrate, prove, உரூபி க்க, 5. To present to an idol, &c., to offer, நிவேதனஞ்செய்ய. 6. To make a display of jewels, &c., தெரியக்காட்ட. 7. To put forth, develop, வெளிப்படுத்த. 8. To reflect an object--as a mirror, water, &c., சாயைகாட்ட. 9. To remaind, நினைப்பூட்ட. காட்டிக்கொடுக்க, inf. To betray, discover a person to his enemies. 2. To accuse one. 3. To teach or shew a person the method of doing anything. காட்டிமறைக்க, inf. To tantalize a person, by offering something to him, and snatching it away at the moment he is about to take it. புகைகாட்ட, inf. To smoke any thing--as plantains, in order to ripen them the sooner. தெரியக்காட்ட, inf. To show plainly, to demonstrate. வரக்காட்ட, inf. To send off, despatch. தேவரிர்வரக்காட்டினநிருபம். The letter which you have despatched. (Besch.) சொல்லிக்காட்ட, inf. To explain, relate. தன்னைக்காட்ட, inf. To make one's self known, to make one's character, ability, &c. appear where he is unknown, &c. 2. To make a display. 3. To show one's character, &c., by outward conduct. சத்தங்காட்ட, inf. To cry aloud. தூபங்காட்ட, inf. To burn incence. தண்ணீர்காட்ட, inf. To water sheep, horses, &c. காட்டல், v. noun. Manifestation. 2. Act of showing or pointing. சுட்டல். காட்டில்--காட்டிலும். (with a noun.) Than. 2. (with an infinitive.) As soon as, the moment before, the very instant. பொழுதுபோகுங்காட்டிலும்நித்திரையென்ன... Why do you go to sleep as soon as the sun sets? அதைக்காட்டிலுமிதுசிறப்பு. This is more beautiful than that. நான்கொடுக்குங்காட்டிலுமெடுத்தெறிந்துபோடுகி றான். [vul.] No sooner had I given it to him than he took and threw it away. அவன்போங்காட்டில். [in கோயிற்புராணம்.] As soon as he had gone. விடியுங்காட்டிலும். No sooner had the day broken, than, &c.-- காட்டு, v. noun. Showing, exhibition, presentation, காண்பிக்கை. 2. Example, instance, illustration, demonstration, evidence, உதாரணம். (p.) 84) *