upātāṉam (p. 62) s. [pref. உப.] Proximate cause, the material cause--as clay is to the earthen vessel; gold to the ring from which they are made, cause, origin, முதற்காரணம். 2. Presents to priests or religious mendicants of uncooked rice, &c., usually a handful, அரிசிப்பிச்சை. When cooked it is called, அன்னதானம். 3. Restraining the organs of sense, ஐம்புலனடக்கு கை. Wils. p. 16. UPADANA. 47) *